# Review From HYP 1 class 1 question#1 **1) The title of the primary text used for this class is _Hatha Yoga Pradipika._ Give the meaning of the word _pradipika_ here_,_ along with Sanskrit roots and related English words.** The Sanskrit word _pradipika_ means _a lantern,_ or _light;_ and also _a star_. The idea is of a lantern or torch which is used to illuminate the path ahead in a culture where there is no electric or other lighting, and night is very dark. _Pradipika_ is made of two basic parts, _pra_ and _dipa._ _Pra_ means _very much,_ or _out front,_ and is found in the English words _proud, prow,_ and _forward—_all with a meaning of _out front._ _Dipa_ means _a light,_ and comes from the Sanskrit root √_dip,_ which means _to shine._ Ultimately related are _divine,_ and _to think,_ in the sense of the light of the sky, and the light of understanding. From HYP 1 class 1 question#2 **2) List a few of the important subjects found in each of the four chapters of the _Hatha Yoga Pradipika._ How do the chapters reflect the flow of our yoga practice?** (a) Chapter One: Lineage of the tradition; the proper place for practice; the need for goodness; the postures, or asanas; proper diet. (b) Chapter Two: Breathing practices, or pranayama; the six treatments, or kriyas; the eight capsules, or khumbaka. (c)  Chapter Three: The ten seals, or mudras. (d) Chapter Four: Deep meditation, or samadhi; royal (raja) yoga; voidness; prana, the inner channels, and death; dissolution, or laya; the seal of the sky dancer, or khechari; the practice of inner sound, or nada. Here is how the chapters reflect the natural flow of our practice: First and foremost there is always the Master—we must find an authentic Teacher, and learn from Them. Then we must endeavor to practice all that They have taught us. In order to do that, we must find a suitable place. Then we must plant good karmic seeds by keeping our behavior pure, as we practice the asanas, in order for our mind to be a suitable vessel, and we must keep our body pure, by watching what we eat, in order for our body to be a suitable vessel. The physical asana practice leads us to the deeper practice of pranayama—the science of the breath, and we are slowly drawing deeper within. Slowly we learn to combine the physical postures with the retention of the breath, in the great art of making a seal of the body. This sends our mind even deeper within, until we are ripe for the deepest practice: meditation. We use everything we have learned so far to affect the inner winds in our body, so that we can reach a state of meditative stillness, and realize emptiness itself.] From HYP 1 class 1 question#9 **3. The _Hatha Yoga Pradipika_ describes how those who have mastered hatha yoga are “born into power,” and “roam the universe,” for they have reached _kala danda._ Explain the meaning of _kala danda._** Kala danda_ means _to slay death._ The Sanskrit word _kala_ means _time;_ it comes from a root _√kal,_ meaning _to drive_ or _produce,_ with the English cognate _car._ In yogic literature, “time” is another word for “death.” The word _danda_ means _a stick_ or _a club;_ a related Indo-European root is _deru,_ meaning _to be firm,_ and thus meaning _a tree._ Related English words are _rhododendron_ (from the Greek _dendron,_ meaning _tree_) and _endure,_ meaning to stay fast in the face of hardship. We also of course see the Sanskrit in the name of the plank pose, or _dandasana._ The idea of the two words together then is _to club death to death.] From HYP 1, class 4 question#11 **4.** **What, according to “the true masters,” are the highest forms of self-control, pledges, and yoga poses?** Master Swatmarama says that the highest form of self-control is eating in moderation; the highest of the pledges is never harming others; and the highest of the poses is the Master’s pose.] From HYP 2, class 1 question#7 **5.  Master Svatmarama notes how the mind moves "too and fro" when the winds do.  Talk a bit about the connection of mind and inner winds, and the various levels of being that this relationship extends through.** The levels—or koshas or envelopes—begin at the very core with emptiness; the fact that nothing doesn't come from ourselves: the potential or availability or "blank screen" of the universe.  The next level out is our own deeds—mental, verbal, or physical—which paint our reality upon the canvas of emptiness. The next level is composed of the various parts of our inner body: the channels, chakras, and drops, all created by our seeds.  The next level out is composed of the prana, inner wind, and the thoughts which ride upon it.  This connects to our physical breath; note how our breath is ragged when we're angry or jealous. The breath connects to our gross physical body, which itself is seated in the outermost level of all: the physical world around us.  Even this, as with all the levels beneath it, all the way back to the core, is a reflection of our seeds, of how we treat the others around us.  And so our capacity for compassion is ultimately our capacity for yoga. From HYP 2, class 3 question#4 **6. Give the Sanskrit and Tibetan for the expression "six treatments," and then list the six in English.** [The Sanskrit term for "six treatments" is _shatkarma,_ where _shat_ means _six,_ and _karma_ means _treatment._  Ancient Tibetan language has a term for "six treatments," which is _jongje le druk,_ the "six practices of cleansing, or purification."  We see though in Tibetan more often mention of only five treatments: a cleansing; a vomiting practice; a nasal clearing practice; and two kinds of practices for clearing the bowels. The six practices of our text here, in English, are: cleansing (with a strip of cloth); lower abdomen treatment (with the injection of water); nasal clearing (with a thread); distraction prevention (by concentrating on a flame); abdominal fluid reduction (through rotation of the stomach muscles); and sinus freshening (through rapid breathing).] From HYP 2, class 5 question#1 **7. What is the name in Sanskrit, and in Tibetan, for an ”inner capsule"?  What are some related English words?  What does an "inner capsule" normally involve, in both the Indian and Himalayan traditions?** The Sanskrit name for an inner capsule is _kumbhaka,_ which literally refers to a covered ceramic jar.  The English words _cover_ and _comfort_ are probably related.  The Tibetan term here is _bumpa,_ which also refers to the same thing. The full form of the Tibetan is _lung bumpa chen,_ which means "inner winds held within the capsule."  This is the element that is involved in nearly all capsule practices: a retention of the inner winds at a specific location of the inner body.  The different kinds of capsule practice presented in our text here primarily differ in the way we breathe before and after this retention.