**1) Name and describe the first of the five powers at the Path of Preparation. Also give the Sanskrit word for it, its ultimate root, and some English cognates.** The first of the five powers is belief, or faith. This does not refer to a blind acceptance of spiritual doctrines, but rather to an intelligent attraction towards a spiritual goal because one has carefully thought out how desirable this goal is. The Sanskrit word for faith here is *shraddha* ïÏa*,* ultimately connected to the word *hird* h\&dœ*,* “heart.” Some English cognates are “credit,” “creed,” ”cardiac,” and “heart.” **2) Now name and describe the second of the five powers, also giving the Sanskrit word, an old Indo-European root, and English cognates.** Effort is the second of the five powers. It does not refer to the common idea of working hard, but rather to enjoying doing spiritually meaningful things; in this sense, someone could be working very hard and not be displaying any effort at all. The Sanskrit word for effort is *virya* vIyR*,* connected to the Indo-European root *wi-ro,* or “man”). English cognates are “virile,” “virtue,” and “werewolf” (“man-wolf”). **3) Name and describe the third of the five powers; again give the Sanskrit word, its root, and some English cognates.** The third of the five powers is awareness, or the ability to keep certain things in mind as you do your yoga, or travel the spiritual path. These things to keep in mind would include the benefits of the goal that are the basis of your belief in this goal; remembering to undertake only actions that take care of other people; recalling how your mind is turning things around, despite yourself: making them seem as if they come from the outside, and not from our own perceptions, forced upon us by our past actions. The Sanskrit word for awareness is *smirti* Sm\&it*,* which comes from the root √*smir* Sm&*,* meaning “to remember.” Coming into English, the “s” drops off, and cognates are “memory” (the repetition of the two syllables with “m” in them represents the principle of reduplication, or conveying the sense of doing something over again—here, thinking over again or remembering—just by repeating the root); “remember,” and “mourn” (to remember sadly). **4) Name and describe the fourth power; give the Sanskrit word, its roots, and English cognates.** The fourth power is meditation, which can be described as the capacity of keeping the mind on a single meaningful object, free of the two extremes of dullness and agitation. The Sanskrit word is *samadhi* smaix*,* which consists of *sama* sma*,* meaning “same” or “equal”; and the root √*dha* xa*,* meaning to “set down” or “establish.” English cognates are “same”; and “doom” (something “written down” or set down in fate), “deed” (as a contract, written down), and “to do.” **5) Name and describe the fifth power, including once again the Sanskrit word, its roots, and English cognates.** The fifth of the five powers on the Path of Preparation is wisdom: the ability to analyze reality and come to both intellectual and direct perceptions of high spiritual truths such as emptiness, and karma and its consequences. The Sanskrit word here is *prajnya* à}a*.* It consists of *pra* à*,* meaning “forward” or “very much,” and the root √*jnya* }a*,* meaning “to know.” English cognates for the first are “forward,” “proud” (literally, standing up in the front), and “prow” (front of a boat). Cognates for the second are “know” (the “k” in “know” being a reflection of the “j” in the Sanskrit); “can” (to know how); and “diagnosis.” **6) Master Patanjali mentions in this section that there are differing levels within the second of the five paths. What attitude does he say that we need to shoot up through these levels? Give also the Sanskrit word, root, and cognates.** He says that to move quickly through these different levels we need “intense dedication and urgency.” The Sanskrit term here is *sanvega* s\<veg*.* This is made up of *sam* sm\!*,* meaning “together” or “completely,” and the root √*vij* ivj\! *,* which means “to tremble,” or move quickly—and by extension to be alive, powerful, strong. Thus *sanvega* means to be very much alive, or to make tremendous effort. Cognates for *sam* are all the English words that contain “com” or “con,” like “complete” or “consummate.” Cognates for *vega* are “vegan” or “vegetable” (meaning a strong, living thing which gives you strength). The Sanskrit word for “diamond” or the lightning thunderbolt whose tip is as powerful as diamond (and thus can split a huge tree) is *vajra,* and also comes from this same root. **7) Name the four levels of the second path; state what the five powers as a group are called at each level; and describe in general what divides these four levels from each other (just in English).** The four levels of the second path are called—in order from lowest to highest—Warmth, Peak, Mastery, and Highest Object of All. The five powers are called “powers” at the first level; the “five peaks” at the second; the “five strengths” at the third; and the “five highest objects” at the fourth. What distinguishes the four levels from each other is the degree to which one understands, in an intellectual way, the emptiness of subjects and objects.