<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/19nsA-DjJAPD27HOVIuNrkJwXI4ao1jsl/preview" width="100%" height="80" allow="autoplay"></iframe> Oh yeah, you can look at that. Nice and tall. Lauren's in here. I see Anna. I see the baby. I love the baby. How are you? I'm the dog today. Katie was taking pictures of the baby while she was doing yoga class. And then she enlarged him. She's so beautiful. You were talking about Coke. Coke is my little guy's madma when we have to do offerings. I love it. Oh no. What do you guys have to put up? Do you have to build a fence? No, the babies add to the reality of the whole thing. It's amazing. That's true. Can you make it? Oh, my coffee. Oh, wow. It's so fun to see people. Yeah, Ava got her first sip of coffee the other day, and she really liked it, which I was not expecting. soon oh my gosh oh yeah amelie has a cup a day now i'm gonna have to share some pictures of her please do she's just about she's crawling she just started crawling so she looked close when she was doing yoga the other day but she's funny because she'll be calling and she knows how cool she is so she's like after that after that is vashistasana yeah she's working on blank i'm okay i'm enjoying the people also awesome sorry love i had eva over the other day and i put barricades up she's gonna be a mountain goat because she was over them she's so fast going around our house and we look away for like a second and then she's in the other room I know. Ava's helping me get skinny again. Alex says that Uta and Sagey are having a hard time getting into the meeting. Sagey's here, but Uta WhatsAppped that she can't get in. I thought I saw her name. My kid doesn't move at all. My kid just sleeps on the floor all day. You took your kids teeth out. Yeah, they love to chew. And now your puppy doesn't have teeth. He's got two teeth. Two, two teeth. My mom had two teeth. I think he has three. I'm not sure. Yeah. That's a myth. Oh, JB, you're sharing your screen. I don't know if you know. No, JB's not actually. It's Connie with Geshe Michael's PPT, but I should have just a logo screen right there. Is that okay, Geshe-la? Take it off. Whatever you do is fine. By the way, did you invite Kelly Tan? I don't remember. I never did because I was a bit sensitive to the perhaps political issue. But, you know, Kelly and Jean could be invited as, you know, listeners. I wasn't sure. Okay, that would be great. Like I just invited Seiji and Noor, but wanted to be sensitive about it. So I invited them as listeners rather than somebody who might be a speaker. Okay. Oh, yeah. Well, yeah. That's true. Okay. I think invite them as listeners for now. Invite her as a listener for now. But maybe not today. She's probably in bed. Yeah. Okay. Will do. Thanks, Geshe. Okay. You guys ready? I believe we are all ready. I'm just going to get Jack to take a look at everything. We'll check this side by side. Yeah. Side by side. Okay, yeah, that looks good here. Okay. You want me to please? I'm just kidding. It's recording. That's the other thing. I could have been helpful for you the other day. I should be looking at that. What? Second backup check is I can tell you're recording. Get back. You guys ready? We're just muting everyone. One second. Hello, you guys ready? Ready. Yes, now that you are unmuted, we're ready. Okay, here we go. So we had already talked about the second verse of the Yoga Sutra, which is we become whole by stopping how the mind turns. and by the way you may have noticed there are slight differences between the yoga sutra version in how yoga works and the essential yoga sutra and i did the essential yoga sutra later but i'm not going to change the how yoga works it's not the meaning didn't change but the wording changed slightly okay uh the third and fourth verses and by the way those of you following the essential yoga sutra I had to combine verses because my publisher wanted a small book that they could charge a lot of money for. So there's three, there's sometimes there's two verses in one section. So that's on the day that, on that day the seer comes to dwell within their own real nature, otherwise it follows the form of the turning. So that's technically the next verse that we're supposed to do today, but I save it for the end of the homework. So we're going to go on to the next verse, which is called in the Essential Yuga Sutra, the chapter names are nice to follow, they might be useful for you someday. It says a day in the mind, and the two sections here are the mind turns in five different ways, they can be involved with afflictions or free of them, the five are correct perceptions, mistaken perceptions, imagination, sleep, and memories. So right away Master Patanjali jumps into five different modes that the mind can be in. And so I went straight to that in the homework because I wanted to save the very important verse about the seer residing in their own nature for the end of the homework. and I think it should be safe for the end of the class because it's really for $50 what anybody the goal of all of you yeah who said that Coco yeah okay you gotta send me 50 you have to send me your address by email physical address I'm sending out cash okay I'm I'm not messing around this is low-tech old man okay okay sure I can take notes for you okay but it's kind of fun to send people mail in like I used to in the old days yeah maybe Xiaoping send me a list okay so Coco got 50 yeah the point is that I say for the end of the homework which on in the online version is the end of the section of different okay sure well call it episode right this the third episode we're in the third episode the third episode is gonna have five segments i guess or seven seven segments and i saved the punchline for the end so i changed uh i didn't treat uh the seer dwelling in their nature which is the path of seeing I saved it for the end of the homework because it's real yoga okay and I thought it was kind of a cool way it's a cool explosion at the end of the episode okay so the first homework question here is the traditional texts on mind and the functions of the mind normally outline about 50 different mental states why does Master Patanjali only mention five okay and for ten dollars why did I say about 50 different mental states? There's like 51 or 52 right? There's two different schools of thought on it. Yeah okay you guys have to split it okay Xiaoping five for word and five for Tim pay word in pesos okay okay okay anyway uh i said about 50 because i couldn't remember i can i always i always can't remember how many i went and looked it up it's 46 according to the abhidharma as a word knows very well, and 51 according to the Middle Way and the Main-Only schools. So I have a document, or I'm going to ask word to send Connie his, he has an appendix from his from his translation of the Main-Only school. He has a great appendix of the of the longer version of the mental states of the mental functions okay. Now the question here is why does Patanjali mention only five? And this relates to a very sexy thing that I thought Professor Campbell would enjoy from the, let me see, it's from some Upanishad, where is that, here it is. it's related to something in the Mandukya Upanishad which is called the four states of consciousness so I'm gonna give you guys extra value for for today which I enjoy doing and you may not put it all in your presentation so I'm not just what you find in the flow sheet is what you put in your presentation but if you want more stuff to add, you're welcome to do more in a way that doesn't overwhelm the audience, which I'm going to overwhelm you. So in the Manduka Upanishad it's a very famous point and it appears in Buddhism also, especially in Tantra. So I thought you might like to know, it's called the okay human dictionary you ready for twenty twenty dollars okay I got paid today so I'm in a good mood neck up she you you have not had it I'm just seeing if you can guess it for four not situations or master master Campbell got the money okay, Xiaoping? Yeah. These are called the four states and it's a famous subject in Hindu literature and in Buddhist literature. It's less prominent in Buddhist literature but it's there and it's very cool. So it's called Chatur Avastha and Chatur means as you know four and Chatus and and avastha means condition or states of mind. In this case it's states of mind. So there's an interesting presentation in the ancient yoga literature which is repeated in the tantric literature about that the mind at any given moment of the day is always in one of four different states. And it's a nice subject for teaching if you guys end up going to people's yoga studios if they ever reopen them, which is part of the purpose of this program that you will be like you'll be going out to teach at yoga studios. This is an interesting subject I personally find it interesting but then I find a lot of things interesting that nobody cares about so anyway the four states Chaturavastā are called, let me see here, I'll give it, I'll give you the Tibetan okay. Yeah I put it on your flow sheet so when you get your flow sheet you'll have it with you. Nekab shi or Chaturavastā they are deep sleep okay which in Tibetan is human dictionary. No, that's just normal sleep. Nikuk is just a verb. Okay, anyway, you fail. Nikupo. So, tuk can mean soup, tupa, or a different spelling can mean deep sleep or thick fabric, for example. So, Nikupo means deep sleep. that's the first of the four classic states of mind that you in the flow of a single day, 24 hours, your mind goes in and out of four different states of mind. The first is deep sleep, okay? I don't know why they start with deep sleep, but they do, okay. Then the second is the dream state, which is Milam in Tibetan. And if you want the Sanskrit guys, what is that? I think it's Svatna. Yeah, okay, sorry, I got it here somewhere. Because different people presented different ways. Yeah, Deep Sleep, they, one website listed as prajna, which is kind of weird, but anyway. Okay, from the Manduka Upanishad. So anyway, then Milam, I'm sorry. Yeah, then Milam is dreaming. The third state is called the waking state, okay? And there's two words for it in Tibetan. One is sepa, which means to, sepa means to finish your sleep. So technically it's called ni sepa, which means the waking state in Tibetan is called the state in which your sleep has been thrown off, okay? And then the fourth date, Professor Campbell for $50? Duria. Damn! Xiaoping, $50. Okay. Yeah, Duria. But for another $20, why? Because it's the fourth. After? Nah, okay, you lose that money. it's Chaturia right? Okay anyway it's four right? Fourth state. Anyway state number four is called the fourth state, Ne Kap Shippa in Tibetan. But sometimes in Tibetan it's called Nyomjuk which just I'm not going to ask anybody for any money because that means deep meditation. But in a tantric sense, nyomjuk means union with your partner. Okay, so in the Tibetan literature the fourth state is one in which your meditation is so deep that your winds are moving freely and you can see emptiness directly. And it's very similar to the state of mind during intimacy with another person. So anyway those are the four states. The point for whoever takes this question is that your mind flows through these four states all day. At any given moment you're in one of those four. And to reach the fourth one is a big achievement because that's a platform from which you can see emptiness directly. Now, Master Patanjali does a similar thing, but he gives five states of mind. He mentions five states of mind. So you don't have to go to the four states of mind if you take this question, but you could refer to them if you want to. In the point is, in Patanjali, your mind is always in one of these five states, you know, in 24 hours your mind is always in one of these five different states okay. And the reason that the answer to the question of why Patanjali only mentions five instead of listing 51 or 46 is that he just wants you to get familiar with five states that your mind is in at any given time of the day. So every, in every given moment of the day, your mind is in one of the five states mentioned in this fifth and sixth verses, which is the mind turns in five different ways: correct perceptions number one, mistaken perceptions number two, imagination number three, sleep number four, and memories number five. So you can see his are different from the classic four, but the point is the same, that in a single 24-hour day your mind is always in one of these five states of mind: correct perceptions, mistaken perceptions, imagination, sleep, or memories. okay so that section is called a day in the mind. Let's go back to the homework. Okay so the homework master says the master Patageli talks about five mental states that are representative of the different modes that we pass through in a typical 24-hour period. Okay that's the answer to question number one. By the way if it were me and I were teaching it in a in a public talk and if I had time I would mention two more points. And one is that it's also a reference to the 11 of the 11 yogas of the Vajayogini practice. What's that? Which yoga is that? Everyday yoga? Yeah, who said that? Stanley. Oh well you don't win any money because you have to say the yoga of everyday life okay okay so chulam ki nilzor in tibetan but but that's you see in the vajayagini practice the 11 parts of vajayagini practice are called yogas the 11 yogas and that's an interesting insight into the deeper meaning of the word yoga and you know down dog doesn't cover it right So the last and the sexiest of the 11, I guess, is walking around all day trying to do yoga. And that's reflected in the image I chose, which is just business people walking around in a hallway. So they are doing yoga according to, you know, you don't have to say Vajra Giri. You can say according to the higher traditions or blah, blah, that this is a kind of yoga. they're at work, they're just got out of a meeting, maybe they're headed for lunch, and they are doing yoga, okay? And I think it's cool to mention it if you take this question, you know, why does Patanjali jump from the definition of yoga as stopping how the mind turns thing around, and then goes to just some people walking in an office, and the point is that this is also yoga. So I think it's really nice to jump right into this. You know, we said, John Brady promised at the beginning of this series that we would be studying the other seven parts of yoga. And here we go, which is everyday yoga. So the point is, if you want to go there, all day long, you're supposed to be doing yoga. And no matter what state of your mind is in, even in deep sleep. Okay and by the way the normal as I remember you would be dreaming first at night and then your mind would go into deeper sleep you see. So anyway all of that is yoga and the idea is to be a 24-hour yogi even during your sleep so and by the way you could mention dream yoga And I, you know, there are certain things that people find sexy. People who go to yoga classes find sexy. And if you talk about dream yoga, I think it's kind of sexy. Okay. All right. And now the last point I want to make on this first Homer question, which already became a half hour question. By the way, you only get 10 minutes. You have to talk faster than me. Just kidding. is the, I call it the relative reality of the objects, you see. So what I want you to think about is these five states of mind that he mentions, how real is the object of, you know, let's go through these five, where are they, come back, come back. How real is the object of a correct perception? How real is the object of a mistaken perception? How real is the object of imagination? How real is what you see in your sleep? And how real is an object of memory? And this is a big subject that's gonna lead us to our punchline, our denouement of this homework, which is what does it mean to be in the active scene, okay? So talking about the relative reality of what you're seeing when you're in those five different mental states, That's the point of mentioning the fine mental states. Some of the objects of the mind in those states are completely non-existent and never were. Like what? For zero dollars. Mistaken perceptions. The object is what? Object. Two-headed purple elephant. The husband yelling at you in the kitchen. I gotta raise it to ten dollars. Two-headed purple elephant. Well, yeah, but I want the Tibetan, obviously. Akja. Akja. Akja. Okay, Professor. Akja. Professor. Word gets, okay. What did I say? Five dollars? Ten dollars. Ten dollars. Ten. Pesos. Okay, here we go. Ten pesos for word. Okay. All right, we're on the second Homer question. by the way you can't go that deep in the first one but I thought my job is to load you up and then you fire whatever bullets you want when you get to a yoga studio in Oregon you know okay uh second question give the traditional definition of a mental affliction then give the Sanskrit word for this it's Sanskrit root and two English cognates okay the image is an upset person I love this image. I can't see the images. Oh there you go. Yeah this person's definitely having a klesha right. You can just tell. We don't know which one it is but they're definitely having a klesha. Yeah I know Xiaoping. It looks like Stanley. I agree. Okay Either he ate something bad or Xiaoping was yelling at him. I can't tell. Okay so By the way, as you know, I've changed my translation of Klesha since the DCI times into what? Negative emotions. Yeah, good. Negative emotions. Yeah, negative thoughts or negative emotions. I don't think mental affliction is ever going to pass the waiter test. It's not an English expression. And so I'd rather say negative emotions. Am I going to change all the homeworks? I'm just lazy, Connie. I just, I'm just lazy to do all those changes. I hate correcting things that are 30 years old or 20 years old. I'd rather do something new. So I don't know. Maybe you guys can fix it. We'll fix it. All right. I trust you, which means I don't trust you, but that's okay. Negative emotions. Okay. By the way, I don't think it would be strange to throw in right here that the reason of negative emotions, by the way which were mentioned in that last verse, two verses, is that those five states of mind with their differing objects in a range from non-existent to semi-real to totally real, those five states of mind that you're in all day long can either be negative or not, okay? They can be stained by negative emotions or not, okay? That's what Patanjali says in the verse. Okay, but in any case, when I'm gonna—so whoever takes the question to, you're gonna be talking about the idea of a klesha. And strangely, klesha seems to be a Sanskrit word that people remember immediately. And I've been in Buddhist communities like in New Jersey where everyone referred to them as klesha, because it's two syllables instead of negative emotion, you know. It's an easy word to use. So maybe you should be doing appositives. If you take question number two you should say klesha, which means negative emotion, and get them used to it. Okay, I would point out that nirvana is the permanent ending of your kleshas, okay? I think it'd be nice to mention it here. And then whenever I say that definition I like to say right after that I like to say when I'm giving a talk I say imagine that no one in the world could upset you even if they wanted to like your brother or your wife or your kids even if they tried all day long they couldn't get you upset because that's and that's nirvana that's real nirvana okay. All right it's by the way it's not quite the same thing to stop your negative emotions and to stop how you misunderstand things, although obviously they're connected, okay? By the way, this is not a bad time for you to harp on the fact that yoga doesn't mean turning your mind off. Turning, stopping how the mind turns does not mean stopping all thoughts altogether. We are not trying to reach a nirvana where you're thinking about nothing, okay? And that's a very common interpretation of the first real line of the Yoga Sutra. Okay, I think a discussion of negative emotions could be very helpful here. I have included in the flow document, I stole from words translation. the list of six major, in Buddhism there are six major negative emotions and there are 20 secondary negative emotions. I think the 20 is too much to present in this context but it might be fun to go through the six and I've in the flow sheet I've included words English, words Tibetan, words Sanskrit, words Chinese, words Chinese pronunciation, words extended characters and simple characters, and words Sanskrit. Okay so you guys you know you might want to mention the six if you're up for it and they are ignorant liking, ignorant disliking. By the way we say ignorant because it's not wrong to like things and it's not wrong to dislike things. You should like Veronica's lemon bars, which are the next closest thing to nirvana. You should dislike it when people fart next to you on an airplane. That's not a negative emotion. Number three is pride. Number four is misunderstanding things. Number five is doubt and that's unhealthy doubt, not constructive doubt. And then number six is wrong viewpoints and the classic examples there are that there's no such thing as karma and its consequences, something like that. Okay, here's the definition of a mental affliction. It's just something we had to memorize in the monastery, it stays in my mind, Rangyun dengi gansa ki shegyu ma shiwa che pishinem juh senpa nyomogitse ni. So Rangyun dengi gansa means the person who has it in their mind. Shegyu ma shiwa che pa, its function is to ruin the peace of mind of the person who possesses it. It's a kind of thought which ruins the peace of mind of the person who possesses that thought in their mind. definition of a negative emotion okay in the Sanskrit it's called klishta a klishta right in the in the yoga sutra root text it's called klishta a klishta and it combines into klishta klishta okay The Sanskrit word is klesha okay the adjective is kleshta okay messed up, afflicted, unhappy, negative as an adjective and klesha is the noun okay and it comes from a root called klish which means to distress or bother somebody. So affliction is not a bad meaning translation it's just that nobody uses that word in modern English. and then English cognates are calamity and holly. I was putting my new bees out two days ago and they're by the way they're doing really well and there's a holly branch next to the beehive and I was reflecting on kleshna because it was poking me in a very irritating way and that's almost the definition of, that's the informal definition of Ecclesia. Okay, so I think the job of the person who takes question number two is to, by the end of your presentation, your student or who's listening to your talk or your online presentation, they should, you should try to say, gee, isn't that right? Isn't that how it feels? Aren't there certain thoughts that when they get into our mind, it's like standing next to a holly bush trying to get something done with your beehive, and it keeps poking you in an irritating way? Or you guys can take any other example, like a mooncake that has sharp edges sometimes. And okay, so by the end of question two, I challenge you, whoever takes it, that your audience has been encouraged to think about how repeatedly irritating a negative thought can be if you keep it in your mind for ten minutes or an hour or five years, how it keeps coming back to bother you. Okay? So I think a goal with question number two, of course you want to do the Sanskrit, of course you want to talk about technical things, but also your job is to get your audience to reflect on how irritating negative thoughts are and how they don't ruin your day, they just lower the quality of your day until you don't have a fun day, okay? All right, question number three: use some everyday examples to describe the difference between a correct and an incorrect perception. That is what in Sanskrit is called "pramana" or not. So if you take this question or even if you don't, there's two parts of the Sanskrit that I would like you all to get right. It's not pramana okay that's just English standard English accentuation. It's pramana okay so you I can't hear you but you can practice. The second a is long. The other two a's are short. Short a's are found in the word but with either meaning and long a's pramana is found in the word bought. Okay, so say pramana. And then because the N comes in a certain position after an R, it has to be retroflex. And I love teaching retroflexes to people. You guys have done it with me many times. Retro means backwards, flex means bent, and retroflex consonant means that you make it by turning your tongue back in your mouth so that for example it would be touching the top of your mouth instead of your bottom teeth or something. And if you do that then you sound like you're Indian because Indians are always retroflecting their tongues. And so really the N here, the last consonant is a retroflex. So if you want to make it nice you'll say 'pramana' Okay, and you won't say pramana or something like that. Okay, so how often do we have pramana and how often do we have a pramana? By the way, no one's going to say a pramana, okay? A pramana means mistaken perception, okay? So why are we talking about So Pramana is because it's the first of the five states of mind that Patanjali uses in the verses that we're talking about today. He says "pramana viparyaya vekalpa nidra smrtaya" and so we're going to talk in the homework about the first one because the idea of Pramana is so crucial to Indian philosophy. doesn't matter Buddhist or Hindu or whatever, but the idea of a correct perception, accurate perception, what I prefer to call it nowadays, is very very important, okay? So the homework question says, how often do you have a pramana during the day, and how often do you have a up-pramana during the day? And the first part of the answer to the question says you're having piles of pramanas all day. You know, from the moment you wake up to the moment you go to bed, you are constantly having correct perceptions. You know, that I'm sitting here, the wall is blue, the tree is green, you know, my mouth is wet, the air is pleasant, you know, these are all pramanas. So if you counted up the pramanas and the non-pramanas in a single day, their pramanas would win by like a thousand to one. You're having hundreds or thousands of pramanas for every misperception you have, okay? And in the homework I said maybe several per hour or something. And then I gave three examples that I think are important. They came from a much deeper sources in the scriptures. The first is, I don't know if you've ever had it to you, but I used to live in New Jersey at this Mongolian temple. We had a lot of oak trees. I spent many, many days raking Rinpoche's oak leaves, and sometimes I remember driving home and it would be dusk and the wind would blow a leaf across the street in front of me in a way that it was cartwheeling and it looked just like a small mouse and I can remember several times slamming on the brakes so I wouldn't kill the mouse you know so that's called a pramana and that's a that's a really common example what's the famous example in the buddhist scriptures for zero dollars yeah you're open the snake I'm not gonna pay you for that so that's the first one now the second one is misperceptions you have under the influence of intense emotions and a tip I mean a really really common example is human jealousy with your partner whether it's a man or a woman I think we all have it they told me yesterday she got approached by some guy in the parking lot and she started tell me all the details about how he asked her out on a date and I it was so I got so I didn't say anything improper but but jealousy comes up you know and she I she didn't agree but it was just it's so common that jealousy for example can ruin your pramana and give you a pramanas okay we're telling a story in DCI nowadays that I think would be appropriate here if you feel like it Maybe you can come up with your own examples. But when we discuss A-Prahmanah in DCI, I made up this story about the wife who comes home and her husband's in the bedroom and he's standing in with a phone. By the way I found this guy. Oh let's do it later. It's gonna come in question six. Okay we'll do it later. All right anyway intense emotions can change can can make you misperceive things. The last example I have in the homework and which would be a typical example in this treatment would be alcohol or drugs and things that you perceive I don't know purple elephants is a typical example I mean there's lots of other things but under a heavy drug things that then aren't there seeing there. There are two famous examples the other like you're in a rowboat on a river and it looks like the trees are moving and the example I like to give is you're at a stoplight and and there's a heavy traffic coming the other way and you're at the red light and both cars on both sides back up at the same moment. You feel like your car is sliding into the intersection. So those are Aparamana. Okay, now the end of the homework question says on a higher level, people who have not yet seen ultimate reality, Pratagyana, right, have never had a correct perception in their whole life. Okay, people who have not seen emptiness directly, according to the middle way, prasangika especially, have never had a correct perception in their whole life. So you can say on a higher level, we have, none of us has been able to do yoga, which is to stop how the mind turns things around. And very few people ever do yoga in that sense, which is the yoga, which is the whole subject of the Yoga Sutra. Okay. And after you give them that depressing information you can go on to homework question number four which is while you're at it please give the Sanskrit roots and English cognates for the word pramana. And here it's called correct perception nowadays I use accurate perception I think it's a little more it's a little more accurate. Okay the pra in pramana is going to be very very common in many words in Sanskrit, p-r short a, pra, not pra, not pra, and it means forward or ahead and English cognates are forward or proud or the prow of a boat, okay, that's the front end. And then ma, long a, means to measure and that's and that's the real meaning of of manas or or mind in sanskrit is that instrument which measures the world or takes the measure of the world so as the image i have this guy showing how big the fish was where is that yeah this is ma ma ma he's taking the man he's showing a measurement and that's literally what the mind does when it perceives something okay. So that's all, that's a pretty straightforward question if someone wants to take that one. The words measure, meter, and mind come from, by the way V-I-M interruptible. My honey just came home from visiting the bees. I don't know how you could milk this one for more. I think you can. You're supposed to not anticipate other people's questions, so technically you're not supposed to get into what it means to be correct. But I'll leave it up to you guys. Okay, maybe that's a short question if someone's not feeling, you know, if you still don't feel confident you could take that one. Okay, number five, homework question number five by the way we have seven total so I will finish I will endeavor to finish by 3:30 on Mondays Arizona time question number five name in English and describe briefly the three kinds of correct perception and I like it took me many hours to figure out how to do org charts in Word and you can see it at the, I have three or four charts here for you that you can use. The person who takes this question can use these charts. You guys ready to show the next image? Yeah and I'm kind of proud of these charts. All the stuff that you can see somehow is the Buddhist definition of existence. Okay, and I'm so proud of turning it into normal English. DCI has been helpful for me that way. So all the stuff that you can see somehow is the definition of existence in Buddhism. All the stuff that you can see somehow is divided into two parts: things that exist and change, and then secondly things that exist and don't change. There's two opportunities here for money making. Okay, you want the easy one first or the hard one first? For $20 each. Hard. Okay, the hard one first. Okay. Why in the right hand red box, why didn't I say things that don't change? Because there's things that don't exist that still don't change. Okay, word made 20 bucks, okay? So you have to be careful in Buddhism when you say the universe can be divided into things that change and things that don't change because there's a big category of things that don't exist and don't change okay so if you're going to be super accurate you got to be careful about that all right question oh the first question was why didn't i say things that don't change in the box why did i say things that do exist but don't change and word answered it correctly which is unusual but and then uh but what's the second question i'm going to ask for for 30 i just upped it what's the second question i'm going to ask about that second box why is it different shape why is it a diamond yeah dad got 30 okay more pampers for moon cake okay why is it shaped like a diamond diamond i know the answer Duh! Well, emptiness lives there, okay? Yeah, okay, cool. Now, and by the way, this is how I teach it in DCI, but Patanjali has a slightly different presentation, but still valid, okay? So anyway, things that do exist and do change are divided into three types, that's the green boxes. On the left is all physical things in the universe that's easy on the right is all the things that are mental and in the middle is things that change but are neither physical nor mental why didn't i say things which are neither physical nor mental because there's things that don't change that are neither physical or mental yeah and there's things that don't exist right okay good so really if you're going to be a logician if you're going to be on a geshi level you have to say it that way okay uh and you guys know famous examples of things in the middle green box which are i can think of two really important ones what nick yeah nick good nick's a little box along with mooncake and aaron and what's the other thing we got in there that's really important in our life seeds mental seeds good okay uh let's go to the next uh box next chart you guys this one's a no-brainer it's almost not worth presenting physical things are divided classically into physical matter and physical things you can imagine and in the second category are you know imagining having a nice tea that veronica's making behind me that i can't see right now and then obviously according to the heart sutra physical matters divided into five, right? Things you can, by the way, it's not a bad way to say things you can see, things you can hear, things you can smell, things you can taste, things you can touch, okay? That's a very cool way to present those. This chart is not interesting to anybody. Next one. This is more interesting, okay? All mental activity of a human being can be divided into accurate perceptions and mistaken perceptions, okay? And we're going there with this homework, because by the end of the homework we got to talk about mistaken perceptions and how they relate to the seer. Okay next box, next chart, yeah. This is interesting and this is really what Master Patanjali gets into here is accurate perceptions can be divided into direct accurate perceptions and those which involve some kind of deduction. So direct are six kinds, don't forget, five are obvious, one is not so obvious. Things you see, things you hear, things you smell, things you taste, things you feel, and things you hear in your mind, things you think, okay? those are direct accurate perceptions. Then indirect or deductive accurate perceptions, there's three classical examples in Buddhism, okay, in Buddhist logic. First one is perceptions resulting from, what was that? I can't read it. Good? Logical accurate perception? Perceptions resulting from good logic. Oh yeah good okay and that's not the logic you use with your wife or husband but you know other kinds of logic. And the second one I'm going to talk about the third one is the perceptions resulting from trust meaning you trust the source of the information you know you you see something on the news and you trust the news source or Nick has Nick says this restaurant in VOC, this new restaurant is really good, and I believe him because in the past he's always giving me good recommendations for restaurants. So that's called, sometimes it's called scriptural direct scriptural correct perception. The middle correct perception is not treated by Patanjana, I don't think, we'll talk about it, but that's a special case in Buddhism where you refer to a car for a bad car for example as a lemon and by convention in American slang everyone understands when you say I bought a lemon it means I bought a bad car. It doesn't mean I bought a lemon. Okay all right now let's go back to the homework. So if you want to go deeper use the charts. Patanjali just talks about correct perception. Let me go get the verse for you. He says the different types of correct perception are one direct, two deductive, and three based on authority what we call trust okay pratyakshanamana okay so the first one is direct correct perceptions just the senses and the and the thoughts in the mind the second is deduction okay and uh you know, what is that? Actually, wouldn't the Anumana be the perception from logic? Or is it all? Kachakshā is direct and Anumana is deduction, yeah. And so what's the deductive accurate perception? Is that Anumana also? Yes, exactly. Okay, thank you. and Agama means the authority or oftentimes scripture that you believe in, okay? And I like the, you know, the Essential Yoga Sutra, the publisher forced me to make it short. I like to be long-winded as you can tell from today's presentation also, but because I was forced to be short, I think it's actually maybe a tighter presentation, which is true of all of you guys that normally the shorter it is the tighter it is and if you practice it more and more your presentations you'll see that they get shorter and shorter so there you go three kinds of correct perception census deduction by the way why is this division for $30 I just don't have that much money nowadays why division not quite the Buddhist one. I mean it's close, it's very close, but it's but if he walked into a debate ground in the monastery with these three divisions he'd get in trouble. I think because the three are wouldn't we say that they're not deductive? We would, well actually no. I don't think the Buddhists accept Anumana? Oh sure they do, yeah yeah. I mean a whole study of the Dharmakirti is done. But somebody else, you want me raise the price? He didn't put Agama under Anumana, Patanjali. 40 bucks for Mr. Kramer. Okay yeah so if you look at our chart you can say I believe that the new restaurant in VOC is good because Nick says so. So in in Buddhism that's a kind of deduction it's based on a good reason you see what I mean? So this is an technically this is an improper division of the subject but that's not something you want to bring up in a yoga studio unless it's Ben and Kendra's yoga studio. Okay next question. Yeah so here's the answers to question five. Direct correct perception is just the five senses and hearing your own thoughts. Deduction is airtight logic, not husband and wife logic. And there's a simple example there of what do I have in my hand when you show a pen and then you hide it behind your back. And the third is correct perception based on infallible authority, which is, you know, a typical example is, I think Seiji's been talking about it recently, but you know that there are certain correlations, which is the big subject in his text, that we cannot see without, except for authority, someone who's omniscient telling us what the case is. Okay, now we're on question six. Have hope. We're going to finish early. describe the difference between the five objects which are grasped onto grasped onto by the five different mental states described in patanjali of course you're going to have to name the five mental states and only in english is fine and this is where i like to tell the story this is the right i would throw in the dci story it's a new dci story it's about a year old and uh it's a guy's in the bedroom looking at his phone with a dumb smile on his face and his wife comes in suddenly from work early maybe and then he hides the phone behind his bag and she says what you were what were you smiling about and he says oh nothing honey and then she starts to get a mental image in her mind of another girlfriend. Okay she she starts to get and it starts to take on reality for her. She starts to imagine she knows the hair color and she knows the bust size and she knows how the person dresses and the more time that goes on the more solid that imagination becomes in her mind. And so finally at the end of the story they go to bed. She crawls around the bed while he's asleep. She opens his cell phone and suddenly she discovers that he was online at Amazon buying her a birthday present. And that's why he had the dumb smile on his face. So what I enjoyed during presentations of Gakchas is to talk about the unreality of the of the mental picture she had created in her mind until she opened the phone you see what I mean and how much reality did that lady have with the certain color hair and the certain clothing and the certain breast size and you know how much reality did she have and the answer is zero she had zero reality so master Patanjali here in this homework is talking really about how real are the five objects of the five kinds of perceptions that he talks about so the person who's doing homework number six is setting up the big, you know, the big, what do you call it, the big event of this homework is question seven. So the person who's setting up question seven has to not anticipate the answer to question seven. Don't steal each guy's thunder, you know, don't let the cat out the bag. Whoever gets question seven is going to be the hero of this episode. But the person who does question six is the person who sets them up to be the hero. I was reading an article about, what's his name, the basketball player who just passed away. Kobe Bryant. Yeah, Kobe Bryant. So he has the number one goals in history I think. You know he's made more goals than any other basketball player in history and they were joking about it because they didn't mention that he also missed more goals than any basketball player in history because he refused to be a team member. He refused to pass the ball to a person who was closer to the net and could have made an easier score. And actually, his team didn't win the big championships the way they should have. He himself got many points, but they kept losing games because he didn't let anybody else make points. So what I'm trying to say is, in soccer and in basketball, there's the art of making the other guy look good, you see? And I hope you guys, during this series of videos, that you're sensitive to letting the next person be the star. Whoever does question seven is going to be the star. And that's why we moved the verse to the end of this homework. And whoever does question six has to be really skillful to give the information to make seven successful, but not to, not to, what do you call it, not to ruin the fun. You know, let number seven do it. Be a good basketball passer. Okay, here we go. What's the difference between the, oh by the way, whoever does number, yeah, whoever does Notice number one also has to be careful not to let the cat out of the bag, otherwise there's no fun for the homework. Okay, so the object that correct perceptions hold on to are real and concrete. And I said in the homework it's important to say that it's equally true and concrete no matter which of the three modes of correct perception you use. What that means is the laws of karma, which you believe because Buddha said them, the pen that I'm holding behind my back that you cannot see, but that you deduce is there because you saw it in my hand a moment before. And staring at your computer screen right now, the reality of any object which any pramana is perceiving is equal okay. You got to it in a different way, you got to a real object of a hundred percent reality in a different way, but although the methods of perception are different, the reality, the level of reality is the same. The degree of realness is the same. Okay whether you're looking at, you're hearing my dog bark right now, which is a direct perception, or whether you assume I'm sitting down because from what you can see it looks like that, or whether you believe what I've said today because you trust me as a source of information, the objects you perceive in those three different methods are equally real. Okay, that's the idea of pramana. Okay, any pramana, the object you're thinking about is correct, is real, 100% real. I said concrete, but it doesn't have to be physical. You know, the laws of karma are concrete if someone you trust has taught them to you. Okay, all right. Okay number two, the object held by mistaken perceptions is completely unreal. Okay a leaf which is a mouse or a husband who had a girlfriend that he was texting when you walked in are equal, the objects are unreal. Okay those objects are unreal and they have zero reality. Okay now our imagination holds to inner objects not to concrete outside objects. It also holds to concepts like democracy and it also holds to things like leaves that are mouses and in this sense imagination can be a pramana or it could be an apramana okay either one. So just because you're imagining something doesn't mean that it's unreal but it also doesn't mean that it's real okay so in a sense imaginations objects can be concrete or real and they can be totally non-existent okay. All right sleep the objects which are held by sleep are classically described as dim and fuzzy okay so like in the abhidharma system the colors you see in a dream are real they have reality but they're they're not clear and they're not very trustable bad dreams you have about things you're afraid of in real life are are affected by your real life thoughts but they're not as real okay all right the last one number five uh memory you want to say something about that word for free the object that memory holds something significant in the buddhist schools or dr kramer in the uh in the lower schools it's not a valid perception of but in the highest school, it is a valid perception. Good, yeah. So in the lower schools, something that you remember is not a valid... Remembering something is not a valid perception because they believe that that thing you remember is too fuzzy to say we confirmed it. And then the higher schools say, you know, as long as you're not drunk or totally jealous or whatever, then memories can have validity. Objects you see during a memory are valid. They're not as clear, but they're valid. Okay. All right, question number seven. By the way, are these important topics covered by Buddhism in the last 2,500 years? They are crucial. It's practically a list of cool ideas from Buddhism. And I would say that about the whole Yoga Sutra. those of you who have come to the 650 translation classes that the old man has given in the last three years, these are the hot topics, okay? The Yoga Sutra is pretty much a big basket full of hot topics from Buddhism, okay? Which makes it fun to interpret in a Buddhist way. All right. Question number seven says, now for the big question. Master Patanjali's most important statement ever is that yoga is citta vritti nirodach. Yoga is stopping how the mind turns. Then he says that the mind turns in these five different ways. Now there's a question in question seven in italics it says, is the goal of our yoga practice to stop all five of states of mind forever. Are we supposed to reach nirvana? Are we supposed to stare at a wall until we're not thinking of anything? And is that really where you want to go with your life, you know? And I think the person who takes number seven is harping back to the definition of yoga, which is a big, big task. You know, this is crucial that our students of our online course understand what yoga is and yoga is trying to get to a place where you become whole and what does it mean to become whole physically and mentally you become whole only when you stop misunderstanding things so this question is is it our goal to stop our mind altogether and is that nirvana okay And then I get in, you know, in the answer I'd say the ultimate goal of yoga is to have a body of perfect light and perfectly compassionate omniscient mind so you can serve people. And by the way adding the two adjectives there, compassionate and omniscient has a purpose. One is love. The second one is you know people's problems perfectly because you can see everything in the universe. so they go well together. Compassion and the ability to see everything happening in the universe at the same time is pretty much the definition of love. Okay, all right, so by the end, by the time you get to the end of this process, you will have a very kind and a very powerful mind. And certainly this mind will possess correct perceptions every moment, okay? So it's not, therefore here's the punchline, here's what everyone else has been trying not to mention yet. The five states of mind, when they possess mental affliction, when they are poisoned, that's what we're trying to stop, and that's yoga. When the states of mind that we go through all day long, whether you count them as four or five, the goal is that they shouldn't be poisoned anymore by kleshas, okay? And that's all. And then the punchline punchline is that the ultimate mental affliction is to see things the wrong way. That's coming from their own side, okay? And the picture there is... next picture, I should have had it earlier. This is like a person who sees all things and has big thoughts, okay? Big thoughts. The point is not to turn the light off, you see that's not what it means to stop the mind uh it it means your mind is very much lit up but there's no more negativity in it okay that completes my presentation day any last minute questions you can get to go home 15 minutes early no Okay, so go ahead. About the chart, I have a question. We have the mind under, or we have mental thoughts under things that change. Yeah. And in general, that chart, I believe that everything is exclusive, right? Like if something is on one side, it can't be on the other. like I'm gonna bite and say you're correct okay so is there any mental things on the in the diamond side no but I had I would say though yeah there's no mental thing that doesn't change and don't forget okay this is something that I because I'm teaching DCI so often that I've come to understand mental thing means a thing which is conscious okay a thing which feels and which perceives it doesn't mean a can of anger in your mind or a package of jealousy or compassion it doesn't mean that it means you can almost say it means life you know it's a life mental thing here almost means alive can perceive can perceive so something can be in the mind and not be mental like a mental seed and that's it that's a really cool distinction and somebody so you should ask me where is another kind of pramana here? Huh? Was that Mooncake asking that question? Sorry, we were discussing clear knowing. What's another pramana that's not on this chart? I think they call it yogic direct perception sometimes. Yeah, the yogic direct perception, which is a strange, strange animal in the study of pramana. The direct perception emptiness is kind of way out on its own somewhere as a different kind of pramana and trying to find a definition of what they call direct yogic perception is a very intriguing question. Some graduate students should write a thesis about it someday, but that's got its own category. but I didn't put it on here because it would get too complicated. Isn't that under a direct accurate perception? Exactly. Yeah, you could. Okay, you guys, any other questions? I'm going away. I have a question. What? Well, I'm wondering, the moment when you see the leaf and you mistake it for a mouse, before you realize it's a leaf and not a mouse, is it a pramana? Pramana. Oh, by the way, in that moment, you have a pramana towards brown. Yeah. You have a pramana towards cartwheel motion. You have a pramana of black asphalt under it. You have a pramana of the windshield between you and the thing. But you have a pramana about the mouse. Okay. Thank you for clarifying that. Thank you. Anybody else? I have a quick question. it's always something hasn't been clear to me is what's the difference between tawa and marikpa misunderstanding and wrong view oh yeah yeah yeah it's a great question and if you're at the stage of asking this question your understanding is pretty well advanced i hate to praise you but uh tawa when it's as opposed to marikpa is different from tawa in general and marikpa in general so in a list of the negative emotions, viewpoints and misunderstanding are different animals, but in general they're not, they don't have to be. So when you have, when you have ignorance or misunderstanding in a list of the negative emotions, you would think of it as the first link in the wheel of life, misunderstanding me and mine. When you have misunderstanding as one of the viewpoints listed in the, also listed in the primary negative emotions, then it's more often interpreted in two different ways. You think there's no law of cause and karma and consequences, and you don't believe in the three jewels. You don't believe it's possible that there could be an enlightened being for example okay cool it's a sophisticated question thank you very much it's a sophisticated question it's a good question next goodbye veronica's making me something sweet for me and me and the dog we have pre pre-lunch snack we have lunch they have post-lunch snack and we have pre-dinner snack erin has a question what i'm gonna ask it because she's got the baby sleeping in terms of imaginations for emm right in terms of uh there was mistaken ones and unmistaken ones and that's the perspective of the highest school yeah yeah it is Yeah. You can close your eyes and imagine what it would be like to, for the virus to end and everyone, everyone's business takes off 10 times more than it was before because everyone wants to get out. That's a correct perception. That's okay. Yeah. All right. I'm going home. I have a few announcements. I'm tired of working. Just have a few announcements, Geshe-la. Thanks for the mask, Connie. You're welcome. Thanks, Geshe-la. We need you. Okay. So I just want to say for Thursday's gauntlet, who we've got on for Thursday's gauntlet is Coco, Anatole and Aisha, Stephen and Word. Actually, Stephen and Word, I just think, are final takes, right? Yeah. They're just final takes. Sorry. Nix that. Then it's followed by Geshe Michael, Himala, and Nicole. Okay? Okay. Come on. So what we need for you, from you, I think we've already got, except for Geshe Michael, I need your title slide, the name of your talk. Oh, yeah. Who do I want to be also? Okay. Yeah, and who you want to be on this one. That's great. And so that would be by 5 p.m. on Wednesday. Jacqueline and I would very much appreciate that. Got it. And then I will send out this set of slides to everyone, but I must say that Kim, Uta, Rachel, Katie, Stanley, Allison, and maybe who else on our list? Janice, if you'd like, you can have top bids on these next batch of questions, but please anybody by this evening send me in whichever question you would like to take on of these very cool questions today okay thank you thank you thank you thank you everybody bye-bye - Thank you, bye. Thank you. Bye. Thanks everyone. Bye. Thank you. Thank you Geshe-la.